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As of 12/31/07 - Our tertiary operations are
our core assets and our principal focus. During 2007, we continued
the expansion of our Phase I and Phase II tertiary floods and
initiated tertiary projects at Lockhart Crossing, our first
Louisiana field (Phase I — see description of the various phases
below), Tinsley Field in Phase III, and Cranfield Field in Phase IV.
We increased our potential tertiary flood candidates during 2007
with the acquisition of significant positions in Oyster Bayou, Fig
Ridge and Gillock Fields, Phases VII and VIII, adding to our
inventory of future tertiary floods. In addition to our development,
expansion and acquisition of new floods, we also made the strategic
decision to divest our natural gas assets in South Louisiana that
did not contain future CO2 potential in order
to further narrow our focus on CO2 enhanced
oil recovery and our core assets. During the last eight years, we
have learned an extensive amount about tertiary operations and
working with carbon dioxide (“CO2”), and our
knowledge continues to grow. We like these tertiary operations
because (i) tertiary investments provide a reasonable rate of
return, even at relatively low oil prices of around $30 per barrel,
(ii) tertiary flooding exhibits a lower risk profile than
conventional exploration and development, and (iii) to date, in our
region of the United States, we have not encountered any industry
competition. Generally, from the Texas Gulf Coast to Florida, there
are no known significant natural sources of carbon dioxide except
our own, and these large volumes of CO2 are
the foundation for our entire tertiary program.
As of year-end 2007, we had a total of 69.5 MMBbls of proved
reserves attributable to our tertiary operations, 48.3 MBbls are
attributable to fields in Phase I with the balance in Phase II. To
date, we have already produced over 20 MMBbls from tertiary
operations and we have identified up to 314 MMBbls of additional
potential or probable reserves (using the mid-point of several
ranges) over and above our existing proven reserves that can be
recovered through tertiary operations in our eight currently planned
phases.
Through December 31, 2007, we invested a total of $1.0 billion on
tertiary oil fields (including allocated acquisition costs) and have
received $758.9 million in net operating income (revenue less
operating expenses). Of this total, approximately $351.3 million was
invested on fields which had little or no proved reserves at
December 31, 2007 (i.e., significant incremental proved reserves are
anticipated during 2008 and beyond). The proved oil reserves in our
tertiary fields have a PV-10 Value of $3.2 billion at December 31,
2007, using constant NYMEX pricing of $95.98 per Bbl and we had an
estimated PV-10 Value of our probable oil reserves in our tertiary
fields of $7.3 billion using the same prices (on a unrisked basis,
using mid-points of the reserve ranges). These amounts do not
include the capital costs or related depreciation and amortization
of our CO2 producing properties, but do
include CO2 source field lease operating
costs, royalty and transportation costs. Through December 31, 2007,
we had a balance of approximately $371.0 million of unrecovered net
cash flow for our CO2 source assets, including
$180.3 million associated with CO2 pipelines.
Jackson Dome
We believe that having sufficient CO2 volumes
is the key ingredient, if not the most important factor to our
tertiary operations. We acquired our Jackson Dome CO2
source field in February 2001, giving us control of most of the CO2
supply in Mississippi, as well as ownership and control of the
critical 183-mile NEJD CO2 pipeline. Since
February 2001, we have acquired two additional wells and drilled 15
additional CO2 producing wells, significantly
increasing our estimated proved CO2 reserves
from 800 Bcf at the time of acquisition to approximately 5.6 Tcf as
of December 31, 2007, replacing 164% of our production during 2007.
Today, we own every producing CO2 well in the
region. We plan to drill several additional CO2
wells during 2008, including four development wells and one
exploratory well, to further increase our proven CO2
reserves and to obtain additional CO2
deliverability.
During the fourth quarter of 2007, we produced an average of 533
MMcf/d of CO2, a 35% increase over one year
ago. We sold an average of 99 MMcf/d of CO2 to
commercial users and we used an average of 434 MMcf/d for our
tertiary activities. We estimate that our February 2008 daily CO2
deliverability was approximately 700 MMcf/d. By year-end 2008, we
estimate that our planned tertiary operations and industrial
customers will collectively require approximately 800 MMcf/d, which
we believe we can attain with our planned 2008 Jackson Dome
projects.
Man-Made CO2
Sources
We have entered into three agreements, and are having various levels
of discussions with many others, to purchase (if the plants are
built) all of the CO2 production from man-made
(anthropogenic) sources of CO2 from planned
solid carbon gasification projects. We project that the first one
will not be completed until 2011. These plants may convert petroleum
coke, coal, biomass or combinations of all three into a variety of
products including ammonia, methanol, synthetic diesel fuel or
electric power generation. We plan to use the by product of CO2
from these plants in our tertiary operations to recover oil that may
otherwise not be produced. In addition, our use of this CO2
will also eliminate the release of this greenhouse gas into the
earth’s atmosphere.
The cost of this man-made CO2 will likely be
higher than CO2 from our natural source, but
the location of these plants could mitigate some of the incremental
cost of transportation and we believe that there could potentially
be a type of carbon credit in the United States in the future which
would, if enacted by our government, significantly lower our cost
for this CO2.
We see these sources as a possible expansion of our natural Jackson
Dome source, assuming they are economical, and we believe that our
potential ability to tie these sources together with pipelines will
give us a significant advantage over our competitors, in our
geographic area, in acquiring additional oil fields and these future
potential man-made sources of CO2. The
potential volumes of CO2 from these plants
could be very significant to us as the smallest plant would produce
approximately 200 MMcf/d of CO2.
CO2 Pipelines
As of January 2008, we have three CO2
pipelines in service, the NEJD 183-mile CO2
pipeline that runs from Jackson Dome to near Donaldsonville,
Louisiana acquired in 2001, our 84-mile Free State Pipeline that was
completed in 2006 and runs from Jackson Dome to our Phase II
tertiary fields in East Mississippi, and the first 31-mile segment
of our most recently completed pipeline, our Delta Pipeline which
runs from Jackson Dome to Tinsley Field, northwest of Jackson,
Mississippi. We have completed the reconditioning and conversion of
the natural gas pipeline, we acquired from Southern Natural Gas
Company in 2006, to CO2 service and plan to
begin transporting CO2 down this line in the
second quarter of 2008 to our first Phase IV field, Cranfield Field.
During 2008 we plan to further extend our Delta Pipeline by building
a 24" 68-mile extension from Tinsley Field to Delhi Field with
completion of this segment anticipated around year-end 2008.
We are also working on a 24" pipeline, named the Green Pipeline, to
transport CO2 to Hastings Field and our 2007
Southeast Texas acquisitions, Oyster Bayou, Fig Ridge and Gillock
Fields. The Green Pipeline will connect the southern end of our
existing NEJD CO2 Pipeline, near
Donaldsonville, Louisiana, to Hastings Field, near Houston, Texas,
this distance estimated to be between 300 and 320 miles. Based on
our latest estimates, this pipeline is expected to cost between $700
million and $750 million. Our efforts in 2007 were focused on
engineering design, right-of-way acquisition and securing the
manufacturing of the 24" pipe. Although our definitive schedules are
still in flux, our goal is to begin construction of the Green
Pipeline around year-end 2008 and hope to have it completed around
year-end 2009. Initially, we anticipate transporting CO2
from our natural source at Jackson Dome in this line, but ultimately
we expect that it will be used to ship predominately man-made
(anthropogenic) sources of CO2.
Tertiary Oil Fields
We talk about our tertiary oil operations by labeling operating
areas or groups of fields as phases.
Phase I
Phase I, in Southwest Mississippi, includes several fields along our
183-mile NEJD CO2 Pipeline. The most
significant fields in this area are Little Creek, Mallalieu, McComb
and Brookhaven. Phase I was our first area of tertiary operations
which began with the purchase of Little Creek in 1999, contains the
largest quantity of proven tertiary reserves (48.3 MMBbls) and has
produced almost all of our tertiary production to date (18.9 MMBbls).
We estimate that there are up to 16 MMBbls of additional potential
reserves in this area, primarily from anticipated higher recovery
rates, in addition to further expansion of existing floods and
implementation of enhanced recovery projects in smaller fields.
During 2007, most of our Phase I work was related to further
expansion of the floods and facilities in existing fields and
initiation of a flood at Lockhart Crossing, our first Louisiana
field. Production from this area averaged 12,864 Bbls/d in the
fourth quarter of 2007, an increase of 31% over the fourth quarter
of 2006 average production level. We expect our tertiary oil
production in this area to further increase in 2008 in all of our
fields except for Little Creek Field, our oldest flood which began
to decline in 2006, including initial oil production from Lockhart
Crossing Field late in 2008.
Phase II
Phase II, in East Mississippi, currently contains three active CO2
projects. This area has 21.3 MMBbls of tertiary proven reserves as
of December 31, 2007 plus an estimated 55 MMBbls of additional
potential reserves from future tertiary operations. After completion
of our Free State CO2 Pipeline from Jackson
Dome to Eucutta Field in 2006, we initiated injections at three of
our Phase II fields, Eucutta, Soso, and Martinville Fields. We saw
our first oil production response in 2007 and during the fourth
quarter of 2007, these three fields averaged over 4,500 Bbls/d. As a
result of the production response, we were able to book over 11
MMBbls of proved reserves at Soso and Martinville during 2007. We
expect production to continue to increase in this area throughout
2008. Our 2008 capital budget includes the construction of the
pipeline lateral from our Free State Pipeline to Heidelberg Field,
our largest conventional field, in order to initiate tertiary
operations, with initial injections expected to commence there
during 2009.
Phase III
Tinsley Field, northwest of Jackson Dome, was the most significant
field acquired in our $250 million January 2006 acquisition.
Tinsley, the only field in Phase III, is one of the largest oil
fields in the state of Mississippi, and while it has no current
proven tertiary oil reserves, we believe that it has in excess of 40
MMBbls of incremental potential recoverable oil reserves from
tertiary operations.
The acquisition of the field included an 8" pipeline which we
converted to CO2 service in 2007 and initiated
injections. We also built a 24", 31-mile replacement line from
Jackson Dome to Tinsley, during 2007, that was placed in service in
January 2008 with a resultant increase in injection rates
thereafter. We expect to have our first enhanced oil production from
Tinsley Field in the second half of 2008, and if the production
response is significant before year-end, we anticipate booking a
portion of the forecasted proved reserves at Tinsley during 2008.
Phase IV
Phase IV includes Cranfield and Lake St. John Fields, two fields,
located on opposite sides of the Mississippi River, with Cranfield
located in Mississippi and Lake St. John located in Louisiana, both
in the Southwest Mississippi area just west of our Phase I fields
and both acquired during 2005. We believe that these two fields have
approximately 28 MMBbls of potentially recoverable oil from tertiary
operations. During 2006, we acquired an 18" natural gas pipeline
that runs from Gwinville Field in central Mississippi, through
Cranfield Field and then terminates at the Mississippi River. During
2007 we reconditioned and converted the pipeline from natural gas
service to CO2 service and expect to place the
pipeline in service during the second quarter of 2008, at which time
we will begin CO2 injections at Cranfield. We
do not expect any significant oil production from Cranfield until
2009, and Lake St. John Field will not be flooded for a couple more
years as it will require that we extend the pipeline under the
Mississippi River to the field.
Phase V
Phase V consists of Delhi Field, a Louisiana field we acquired in
May 2006 for $50 million, plus a 25% reversionary interest to the
seller after we have achieved $200 million in net operating revenue,
as defined in the agreement. We believe that Delhi Field has
approximately 33 MMBbls of potentially recoverable oil from tertiary
operations. We expect the CO2 pipeline to be
completed to Delhi around year-end 2008, with CO2
injection to commence shortly thereafter, and expect our first oil
production late in 2009.
Phase VI
We also plan to ultimately flood Citronelle Field, a field in
Southwest Alabama, acquired in our $250 million January 2006
acquisition, which we believe has over 25 MMBbls of potentially
recoverable oil from tertiary operations. However, in order to flood
this field, we will need to extend our Free State Pipeline from
Eucutta Field another 60 to 70 miles to Citronelle Field. We have
not yet firmly scheduled this expansion.
Phases VII and VIII
During November 2006, we acquired an option to purchase, on
September 1, 2008, or September 1, 2009, with an effective date of
January 1 of the following year, Hastings Field, a strategically
significant potential tertiary flood candidate located near Houston,
Texas. The purchase price for the conventional proved reserves will
be determined at the time the option is exercised, either by
agreement or by a pre-designated independent petroleum engineering
firm. As consideration for the purchase option, we made an upfront
payment of $37.5 million, with additional payments totaling $12.5
million due or paid during 2007 and 2008. None of the option payment
amounts will be credited against the purchase price if we exercise
the option.
We believe that Hastings Field possesses from 50 to 80 MMBbls of
reserve potential from CO2 tertiary floods,
more reserve potential than any other single field in our inventory.
Currently, we are working on the right-of-ways required to build a
pipeline we have named our Green Pipeline to transport CO2
to this field (see CO2 pipelines above). The
Hastings Field was the first significant strategic addition in this
area, giving us an anchor field in this region. We have already
expanded our field inventory in this area as we purchased Oyster
Bayou and Fig Ridge Fields with tertiary potential for $42 million
in March 2007 and other small fields, Gillock Fields near Hastings
Field, in late 2007. We believe Oyster Bayou and Fig Ridge have
significant tertiary reserve potential estimated to be between 25
and 35 MMBbls and project that Gillock Field has approximately 10
MMBbls of additional potential incremental oil. Since our CO2
pipeline to this area is not expected to be completed until year-end
2009, our goal is to continue to pursue the acquisition of other
fields in this area, which will help reduce the cost of CO2
for each field by fully utilizing the proposed pipeline and thereby
reducing our transportation cost per Mcf. |